Qualcomm operates through two major segments: QCT (Qualcomm CDMA Technologies), which primarily manufactures wireless semiconductors.  The other functional segment is QTL (Qualcomm Technology Licensing), which licenses Qualcomm’s patents to handset makers in return for royalty payments.  On the business side, QCT adds around 67% to overall revenue but accounts for only about 25% of operating income. QTL, on the other hand, contributes only 31% toward revenue but earns approximately 75% of operating income.  Another way of saying this, is that Qualcomm makes around two-thirds of its profits from patent licensing.
 
In addition to patents, another area important to Qualcomm in China.  The country is very important to Qualcomm for several reasons.  For one, Qualcomm in 2015 received 53% of its revenue from China.  Additionally, Qualcomm has had significant troubles over the last few years in China.  In mid-November, 2013, the NDRC (National Development and Reform Commission) investigators raided Qualcomm Beijing and Shanghai.  On December 13, the NDRC announced it was investigating Qualcomm for violating China’s 2007 AML (Anti-monopoly Law).
 
Qualcomm made several strategic mistakes related to the NDRC investigation.  First, they did not find out about it as early as it should have.  They should have had more government affairs people on the ground in Beijing talking every few days with their contacts at the major government agencies, including the NDRC.  Had Qualcomm found out earlier that Chinese handset makers were complaining to the government about the royalty rates they had to pay Qualcomm, there would have been an opportunity to solve the problem before the investigation even became public.  This would have been particularly important given that the Chinese investigation led to similar investigations in S. Korea, Taiwan, the EU, and even the US. 
 
Also, Qualcomm reacted poorly to the investigation, and was very aggressive.  Instead of being conciliatory and respectful, Qualcomm challenged the NDRC at every turn, and even enlisted the US government to publicly chastise China for improperly using its anti-monopoly laws.  Publicly poking China in the eye has never led to success, and it did not here.  It was only when Qualcomm changed its tune regarding the investigation and adopted an attitude of asking what it could do to help solve the problem that a settlement was worked out.
 
That settlement Qualcomm included a $975M fine, but the more significant penalties were the the royalty rates it received from Chinese companies operating in China. The agreement applied only to phones sold in China by companies based in China.  Under the settlement, Qualcomm said it will offer separate licenses for certain patents, with licensees paying 3.5% for devices using only its 4G technology and 5% for 3G-only devices or those that use both cellular technologies.  That was a significant cut from prior rates.  But in addition to the rates being cut, so was the based to which those rates are applied.  Instead of applying the percentage to the wholesale price of the handset, Qualcomm now applies it to 65% of the net selling price of a device, a lower figure than the wholesale price.  So there are three decreases:  (A) the rate, (B) the net selling price instead of the wholesale price, and (C) getting only 65% (of the wholesale price).
 
The effect of this on Chinese domestic handset makers is that they have a huge home-field advantage over foreign companies regarding phones sold in China because they get Qualcomm chips for a huge discount compared to what Qualcomm charges non-Chinese companies not covered by the NDRC settlement.  The effect on Qualcomm is a huge hit to its Chinese revenue, and therefore its overall revenue since it gets more than half of its revenue from China. 
 
A final problem for Qualcomm in China is that it has had some trouble getting some handset makers to pay to license its patents.  Although Qualcomm has a majority of the mobile chip market, because of the NDRC investigation, it lost a lot of leverage in licensing negotiations.  Qualcomm now had a black eye in China, and was arguably seen as having acted unfairly to Chinese companies.  While I personally disagree with this, the fact remains that to succeed in China, foreign companies must be considered to be friends of China, and Qualcomm is not now a great friend. 
 
When Meizu held out and refused to pay royalties, it presented Qualcomm with a dilemma.  Should it sue Meizu and risk being seen as a problem again to the Chinese government, or should it wait and continue to negotiate.  Given that the margins in China had gone down so much, and because Qualcomm has tried to make amends with China, Qualcomm felt like it had no choice but to try to leverage payment via litigation.
 
This is very important to Qualcomm’s future in China, and to the company at large.  If it cannot force a company to pay it royalties, Qualcomm’s licensing model is destroyed – at least in China. 
 
Further, this case is important to the entire Chinese patent system.  Qualcomm is well-known to have an extremely strong patent portfolio – the best patent portfolio in the mobile industry – and if it cannot secure a litigation win or force a settlement based on the newly improved Chinese patent enforcement system, it will be a setback for the Chinese courts and ultimately, China itself.  This is because foreign companies will lose some faith in a court system that has increasingly proven itself very efficient, effective, and fair in adjudicating patent disputes in China.  Since Qualcomm is “supposed to win” this case, if it does not, the entire patent enforcement system in China is called into doubt.
 
I suspect that Meizu will settle the case either before or after trial, but before appeal.  But I have no crystal ball.  What I do know is that if Qualcomm does not win, its success in China will be severely impinged. 

"[Erick] Robinson had some strong words of warning for corporate America. 'Chinese companies are going to go after more and more US companies because they’re competing on a more equal footing,' he said. 'Patents are a large part of that.'"

http://www.iam-media.com/blog/detail.aspx?g=260be259-0bca-43e2-9118-d0545b15b576

And this would be a net positive for China because Chinese companies are easier to control and contribute more money to China.  Currently the vast majority of Apple's revenue stream runs through Ireland in order to avoid taxes.  This means that a very small amount of Apple's income flows to China.  Chinese competitors, however, do not have the option to avoid Chinese taxes.  So at the end of the day, China benefits from Apple losing market share to domestic competitors.  

The reason that Apple recently invested $1 Billion in Chinese ride-hailing  app company Didi Chuxing was not because it loves taxis, but rather because it needs to curry favor with the Chinese government.  But this investment is just a drop in the bucket, and will be replenished in the coming months and years.  The reason that Apple needs to have a good relationship with China is not just because they use China to produce their products, but also because at least 25% of Apple's revenue comes from China:

All of this is to say that Apple cannot leave China, but is not China's favorite son (see, e.g., how Apple's iTunes movies and iBooks were blocked in China).  This -- and Apple's huge profits -- leaves the company open for patent lawsuits by both Chinese and foreign companies, including licensing companies.  Stay tuned over the next year or so to see how this evolves.

Here is a copy of the design patent asserted against Apple:  cn201430009113-cellphone（100c）.pdf.  Images of each of the 3 pages can be viewed in the slideshow below:

For comparison, here are some photos of the iPhone 6:

... and 6 Plus:

And here from top to bottom are the iPhone 5s, iPhone 6, and iPhone 6 Plus:

I am not giving any legal opinions, but rather ask my readers what they think.  Keep in mind the law of design patents in China is very similar to that in the US.  So what do you think?  Comment below...

Article at ​http://www.wsj.com/articles/beijing-regulator-orders-apple-to-stop-sales-of-two-iphone-models-1466166711

I apologize for not posting in a while but I have been traveling non-stop.  A couple of weeks ago I attended the LES (Licensing Executives Society) International Conference in Beijing.  It was a great experience meeting so many smart and creative Chinese and international lawyers.  Clearly the Chinese legal market is now as hot as the Chinese business market.

On Monday, May 16 the Honorable Judge Xia Luo of the Supreme People's Court (the highest court in China) gave the keynote speech.  Judge Xia's topic was "China’s Judicial Reforms Are Creating Opportunities for Tech Transfer and Licensing in China".  I will provide a summary of what was an interesting and insightful presentation by one of China's leading jurists.  Special thanks to Judge Xia for giving me permission to post the slides.

Judge Xia was justifiably proud of the Chinese courts' recent improvements in IP enforcement.  As slide 3 above shows, the number of foreign IP litigants rose from 2,840 in 2013 to 5,675 in 2015.  This comports with my anecdotal findings that foreigners are utilizing the Chinese courts for IP protection, including patent enforcement, significantly more than in the past.  However, most cases -- especially patent cases -- are Chinese vs. Chinese litigants.  I expect this to change over the next two years.

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As shown in slide 4 above, as of the end of 2014, 87 intermediate courts have handled patent cases.  Intermediate courts are the trial courts in China analogous to the district courts in the United States.  The SPC is the highest court in China and is analogous to the U.S. Supreme Court.

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Judge Xia was particularly proud of the job done by the specialized IP courts in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou.  By the end of 2015, these courts had handled a combined 15,772 IP cases (including administrative and civil cases).  Although certain other courts, particularly those in Shenzhen, handle a lot of IP cases as well, the IP-dedicated courts have changed the paradigm for protecting IP in China.
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The "3 in 1" concept refers to the fact that IP enforcement can be either civil, administrative, or criminal -- or a combination of the three.  It is important to remember that in China extreme cases of patent infringement can be criminal offenses, and this can provide significant leverage for a plaintiff with sufficient proof.  Also, in addition to proceeding in the courts through civil patent infringement lawsuits, which are the most robust tool for enforcement, another method is growing much faster:  administrative patent enforcement through SIPO and its regional offices.  See this IAM Article for more on administrative patent enforcement in China.

Something that a lot of foreigners do not realize is that experts can play an important role in Chinese patent litigation.  Not only can the litigants hire experts to present findings to the court, but for complicated technical cases, the court will often use their own technical consultants/investigation officers.  Obviously the courts' advisers are given more weight than the parties', and in my experience, the only time that a litigant must hire an expert is when it is expected that the litigation opponent will hire one.  The result is that they tend to cancel each other out, but if only one side ponies up the money to pay for expert testimony, that can hurt the side lacking such testimony.  Also, although experts in the U.S. can cost as much as an entire Chinese litigation, hiring an expert in China is much less expensive.  Fees can range from as low as a few thousand dollars to as much as $50,000.  But this is often less than one-tenth of what each side pays its experts in American patent cases.

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​IP judgments have been published online sporadically since March 2006 when the SPC launched a website called China IPR Judgments & Decisions, which listed nearly 50,000 judgments and orders by 2013, and over 150,000  by the end of 2015. As of January 1, 2014, the Provisions Concerning the Publication of Judgment and Ruling Documents on the Internet by People’s Courts (最高人民法院关 于人民法院在互联网公布裁判文书的规定) require all final judgments issued by the People’s Courts to be published online. Judges must submit judgments for publication within seven days of the effective date.   The China IPR Judgments and Decisions website is available at ​http://ipr.court.gov.cn/ .  Note that this website is in Chinese.  

Further, the SPC annually releases its top 10 IP judicial protection cases, top 10 innovative cases, and top 50 typical cases. The 2015 cases are available in Chinese (including a version with an automated translation tool) at ​www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=15689.  Although China uses a civil law system, such cases do act as precedent in most cases.  Plus, the IP courts and judges increasingly listen to each other and read each others' cases.  The result is that most published cases are persuasive, and the larger cases definitely are, despite the fact that they cannot be formally cited.

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Judge Xia then examined one of the more difficult cases.  The case was Shuanghuan Co. v. Honda Corp., and one reported by the SPC as one of the top ten disputes of the year.  The issue involved was how to determine whether and when an infringement warning letter is proper and when it constitutes unfair competition.

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In this slide, Judge Xia set forth the factual details of the case. 

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As the slide notes, the court held that Honda sending a warning letter to the manufacturer was reasonable.  But the later act of sending an infringement warning letter to dozens of distributors nationwide was problematic, especially given that the letter gave little information other than providing the patent number which Honda asserted was being infringed.

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In addition to winning an award for one of the longest patent cases ever heard, the case dealt with many substantive issues.  The one that the Judge focused on, though, was the infringement notice letters by Honda.

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On one side, a patent holder should be able to alert those it believes are infringing the patent.  However, if the patent holder casts its net too widely and without proof, then this can constitute unfair competition.  

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Here, the court reasoned that even if the patentee later loses its infringement case, this does not necessarily mean any infringement assertion letters were sent in bad faith, even if there were negative consequences for the accused infringer.

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That is, if the courts require a patentee to be 100% sure of their infringement assertion and to win any infringement litigation, then there could be no reasonable way for the patentee to protect itself before full adjudication by the court.  Indeed, most cases that go to trial, by definition, are close enough to go either way, and are therefore not frivolous.  Punishing the patent owner for having the coin turn up on the wrong side is not fair.

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However, although a patentee's assertion of infringement in a warning letter must not ultimately turn out to be correct based on the court's later judgment, the letter must still be reasonable in terms of scope of both the technology and number of recipients.  It must be tailored to prevent infringement of the patent, and not to gain an unfair advantage.  Further, the letter must be sufficiently detailed so as to provide enough information for the recipient to understand the allegations and be able to take steps to mitigate, if desired. 

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Determining whether the scope of the letter is reasonable is the most difficult task.

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One clear rule is that a patentee sending a notice letter lacking sufficient detail so that the recipients can act appropriately based on reasonable knowledge will constitute unfair competition on behalf of the patentee.  The same is true if a patentee sends a notice letter to vast numbers of parties too far removed from the facts or acts of infringement.

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Judge Xia concluded by noting that the world is a much smaller place these days, particularly in the field of IP and patents.  China has built an effective system for enforcing patents and other forms of IP and is continuing to improve every day.  Just as Western countries and other Asian countries can no longer ignore China based on its economy, technology, and business acumen, these countries can also no longer ignore that China has taken its rightful place at the bargaining table when it comes to intellectual property.


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